Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness.

Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation ( p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness / Fratura em fêmur irradiado de rato: Descrição de um modelo experimental e avaliação de sua eficácia

Abstract Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation (p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Resumo Objetivo Nosso objetivo é descrever um modelo experimental para estudo de fraturas de fêmur em ratos após exposição a radiação ionizante, demonstrando uma forma de aplicação de uma substância para análise, o método de padronização de fratura e irradiação e a forma de avaliação de sua eficácia com base em estudos radiográficos. Métodos Utilizamos 24 ratos divididos em dois grupos de 12 animais cada. O grupo ESTUDO foi exposto à radiação ionizante e tratado com soro fisiológico, enquanto o grupo CONTROLE não foi exposto à radiação e foi tratado com soro fisiológico. Todos os animais foram submetidos à fratura padronizada do fêmur direito e sua fixação com fio intramedular. A eficácia da consolidação óssea foi determinada por exame radiográfico. Resultados A cicatrização de fraturas foi mais eficiente em ossos não expostos à radiação ionizante (p = 0,012). Todas as fraturas atenderam aos critérios de serem simples, diafisárias, transversas ou oblíquas curtas. Conclusão O modelo experimental apresentado é uma boa alternativa para o estudo de fraturas em ossos irradiados em ratos.

Piriformis Pyomyositis in a Patient with Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease - A Case Report and Literature Review.

Primary pyomyositis is a deep bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle. If left undiagnosed and untreated, the infection spreads, leading to sepsis, septic shock, and even death. The authors report a 23-year-old female presenting with piriformis pyomyositis during a treatment for Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Pyomyositis is a rare but potentially severe infection, which can lead to septic shock. The present case shows the need for a high degree of clinical suspicion for patients with compromised immune systems to begin treatment at an early stage. The literature demonstrates that outcomes of the treatment of piriformis pyomyositis are good.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar dados epidemiológicos e tratamentos disponíveis para fraturas secundárias ao tratamento radioterápico. MÉTODOS: Identificação de publicações sobre as fraturas patológicas ocorridas em esqueleto previamente exposto à radiação ionizante. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fraturas após irradiação varia de 1,2% a 25% com taxa de consolidação de 33% a 75%, sendo mais frequente em costelas, pelve e fêmur. O tempo decorrido entre a irradiação e a fratura ocorre anos após a radioterapia. Os fatores de risco incluem idade acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, descolamento periosteal extenso, irradiação circunferencial, tamanho do tumor e localização anterior na coxa. A etiologia ainda é incerta, mas foram observados desaparecimento celular, redução do turnover ósseo e da atividade hematopoiética como possíveis causas da falha de consolidação. CONCLUSÃO: Não há consenso na literatura avaliada sobre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento de fraturas, sendo a dose de radiação, o tamanho prévio do tumor e o descolamento periosteal sugeridos como fatores potenciais.

Piriformis Pyomyositis in a Patient with Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease - A Case Report and Literature Review / Piomiosite do piriforme em um paciente com doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto-relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Primary pyomyositis is a deep bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle. If left undiagnosed and untreated, the infection spreads, leading to sepsis, septic shock, and even death. The authors report a 23-year-old female presenting with piriformis pyomyositis during a treatment for Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Pyomyositis is a rare but potentially severe infection, which can lead to septic shock. The present case shows the need for a high degree of clinical suspicion for patients with compromised immune systems to begin treatment at an early stage. The literature demonstrates that outcomes of the treatment of piriformis pyomyositis are good.

Resumo A piomiosite primária é uma infecção bacteriana profunda do músculo esquelético. Quando não diagnosticada ou tratada, a infecção pode evoluir para sepse, choque séptico e até morte. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 23 anos, apresentando piomiosite do músculo piriforme durante o tratamento da doença de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. A piomiosite é uma infecção rara, mas potencialmente grave, que pode levar ao choque séptico. Esse caso mostra a necessidade em se elevar o grau de suspeição clínica em pacientes com comprometimento do sistema imunológico, para que o tratamento seja iniciado em estágio precoce. A literatura mostra que os resultados do tratamento da piomiosite do piriforme são bons.

Amputation risk after the revascularization procedures in sarcoma resections.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of vascular reconstructive surgery after resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in extremities and the risk of progression to amputation. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational data collection from medical records of patients who underwent resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in the period of 2002-2015. Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria, which evaluated the correlations between certain factors (gender, tumor type, location, reconstruction, revascularization and patency, infection) with amputation in the postoperative period. RESULTS: In this study, of the 13 patients undergoing reconstruction, five (38.46%) evolved to amputation. All patients who progressed to amputation had the following in common: presence of bone sarcoma (p = 0.005), having undergone reconstruction with an orthopedic prosthesis (p = 0.005), lack of vascular patency in the revascularization site in the postoperative period (p = 0.032), and surgical site infection (p = 0.001). None of the patients with soft tissue sarcoma underwent amputation, and the only patient with bone sarcoma who did not undergo amputation had no infection and maintained vascular patency of the graft. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of infection appears to be one of the main risk factors for failure of revascularization, especially in cases of bone sarcoma in which vascular reconstruction is performed with placement of a non-conventional joint prosthesis.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia de reconstrução vascular após ressecção de tumores ósseos e tecidos moles em extremidades e o risco de evolução para amputação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, de coleta de dados em prontuário médico de pacientes submetidos a ressecção de tumores ósseos e de tecidos moles de 2002 a 2015; 13 pacientes preencheram o critério de inclusão, foram avaliadas as correlações de determinados fatores (gênero, tipo de tumor, localização, reconstrução, revascularização e patência, infecção) com amputação no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, dos 13 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução, cinco (38,46%) evoluíram com amputação. Todos os pacientes que evoluíram com amputação tinham em comum o fato de ser portadores de sarcoma ósseo (p = 0,005), ter sido submetidos a reconstrução com prótese ortopédica (p = 0,005) e não apresentar patência vascular no local da revascularização no período pós-operatório (p = 0,032), além de apresentar infecção no local da cirurgia (p = 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes portadores de sarcoma de partes moles foi submetido à amputação e o único paciente do grupo com sarcoma ósseo que não sofreu amputação não apresentava infecção e mantinha patência vascular no enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de infecção parece ser um dos principais fatores de risco para a falência da revascularização, especialmente nos casos de sarcoma ósseo em que a reconstrução vascular é feita juntamente com colocação de próteses articulares não convencionais.

Amputation risk after the revascularization procedures in sarcoma resections / Risco de amputação após procedimento de revascularização nas ressecções de sarcoma

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of vascular reconstructive surgery after resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in extremities and the risk of progression to amputation. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational data collection from medical records of patients who underwent resection of bone and soft tissue tumors in the period of 2002-2015. Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria, which evaluated the correlations between certain factors (gender, tumor type, location, reconstruction, revascularization and patency, infection) with amputation in the postoperative period. RESULTS: In this study, of the 13 patients undergoing reconstruction, five (38.46%) evolved to amputation. All patients who progressed to amputation had the following in common: presence of bone sarcoma (p = 0.005), having undergone reconstruction with an orthopedic prosthesis (p = 0.005), lack of vascular patency in the revascularization site in the postoperative period (p = 0.032), and surgical site infection (p = 0.001). None of the patients with soft tissue sarcoma underwent amputation, and the only patient with bone sarcoma who did not undergo amputation had no infection and maintained vascular patency of the graft. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of infection appears to be one of the main risk factors for failure of revascularization, especially in cases of bone sarcoma in which vascular reconstruction is performed with placement of a non-conventional joint prosthesis.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia de reconstrução vascular após ressecção de tumores ósseos e tecidos moles em extremidades e o risco de evolução para amputação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, de coleta de dados em prontuário médico de pacientes submetidos a ressecção de tumores ósseos e de tecidos moles de 2002 a 2015; 13 pacientes preencheram o critério de inclusão, foram avaliadas as correlações de determinados fatores (gênero, tipo de tumor, localização, reconstrução, revascularização e patência, infecção) com amputação no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, dos 13 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução, cinco (38,46%) evoluíram com amputação. Todos os pacientes que evoluíram com amputação tinham em comum o fato de ser portadores de sarcoma ósseo (p = 0,005), ter sido submetidos a reconstrução com prótese ortopédica (p = 0,005) e não apresentar patência vascular no local da revascularização no período pós-operatório (p = 0,032), além de apresentar infecção no local da cirurgia (p = 0,001). Nenhum dos pacientes portadores de sarcoma de partes moles foi submetido à amputação e o único paciente do grupo com sarcoma ósseo que não sofreu amputação não apresentava infecção e mantinha patência vascular no enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de infecção parece ser um dos principais fatores de risco para a falência da revascularização, especialmente nos casos de sarcoma ósseo em que a reconstrução vascular é feita juntamente com colocação de próteses articulares não convencionais.

Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor: local recurrence and treatment options

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of local recurrence of extra-abdominal desmoid tumor and compare the outcomes of surgical treatment and conservative treatment. METHODS: Twenty one patients (14 women and seven men), mean age 33.0±8.7 years old, with a diagnosis of desmoid tumor were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 58.5±29.0 months. Fourteen cases involved the lower limbs, four cases involved the upper limbs, and three cases involved the trunk. The average tumor size was 12.7±7.5 cm. Of the 21 patients, 14 did not undergo previous treatment and seven patients relapsed before the initial evaluation. Surgical treatment was performed in 16 patients and conservative treatment was performed in five patients. RESULTS: Recurrence occurred in seven patients (33%) and six of them relapsed within the first 18 months. No significant difference was observed between conservative and surgical treatment. However, a significant difference was observed among patients undergoing wide resection and who experienced improved local control. CONCLUSION: The recurrence rate of desmoid tumor was 33.3%. There was no difference in recurrence between conservative and surgical treatment. In surgical treatment, wide margins showed better results for recurrence control. Level of Evidence III. Retrospective Observational Study

EXTRA-ABDOMINAL DESMOID TUMOR: LOCAL RECURRENCE AND TREATMENT OPTIONS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate of local recurrence of extra-abdominal desmoid tumor and compare the outcomes of surgical treatment and conservative treatment. METHODS: Twenty one patients (14 women and seven men), mean age 33.0±8.7 years old, with a diagnosis of desmoid tumor were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 58.5±29.0 months. Fourteen cases involved the lower limbs, four cases involved the upper limbs, and three cases involved the trunk. The average tumor size was 12.7±7.5 cm. Of the 21 patients, 14 did not undergo previous treatment and seven patients relapsed before the initial evaluation. Surgical treatment was performed in 16 patients and conservative treatment was performed in five patients. RESULTS: Recurrence occurred in seven patients (33%) and six of them relapsed within the first 18 months. No significant difference was observed between conservative and surgical treatment. However, a significant difference was observed among patients undergoing wide resection and who experienced improved local control. CONCLUSION: The recurrence rate of desmoid tumor was 33.3%. There was no difference in recurrence between conservative and surgical treatment. In surgical treatment, wide margins showed better results for recurrence control. Level of Evidence III. Retrospective Observational Study.

Reprodutibilidade da classificação da AO/ASIF para fraturas dos ossos longos na criança / Reproducibility of the AO / ASIF classification for fractures of long bones in children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador da classificação proposta pelo grupo AO/ASIF, para as fraturas dos ossos longos em crianças. MÉTODO: Foram analisadas e classificadas por cinco avaliadores, 100 radiografias convencionais digitalizadas de fraturas dos ossos longos em crianças, utilizando a classificação alfanumérica proposta pelo grupo AO/ASIF. A força de concordância intraobservador (realizada com intervalo de 90 dias) e a interobservador foram avaliadas através do coeficiente Kappa. RESULTADOS: O índice Kappa para observação intraobservador foi de 0,69 (grande concordância) e na análise interobservador o índice foi de 0,64 (grande concordância) na primeira avaliação e 0,61 (grande concordância) na segunda análise realizada 90 dias após a classificação inicial. CONCLUSÃO: A classificação proposta pelo grupo AO/ASIF mostrou grande concordância intra e interobservador, sendo útil para utilização nas fraturas dos ossos longos em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of the classification proposed by the AO/ASIF group for long bone fractures in children. METHODS: One hundred roentgenograms of long bone fractures in children were evaluated and classified according to the alphanumeric AO/ASIF classification by six observers. The strength of theintraobserver(performed with a 90-day interval) and interobserveragreementwere evaluated using the Kappa coefficient. RESULTS: The intraobserver Kappa index was 0.69 (good agreement). The interobserver index was 0.64 (good agreement) in the first evaluation and 0.61 (goodagreement) in the second analysisperformed 90 days after the initial classification. CONCLUSION: The classification proposed by the AO/ASIF group for long bone fractures demonstrated good inter- and intraobserver agreement. This classification is useful for describing fractures of long bones in children.

TRAUMATIC POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN CHILDREN:REPORT ON FIVE CASES.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a series of cases of traumatic posterior dislocations in children, with the treatment and results, and to review issues relating to the epidemiology, clinical and radiographic diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis of such cases. METHODS: Five patients with traumatic hip dislocation, with a mean age of 4.6 ± 0.9 years and a follow-up period of 19.8 ± 7.0 months, were evaluated retrospectively. The time elapsed between dislocation and reduction, the type of treatment, the associated injuries and the subsequent complications were evaluated. RESULTS: The initial treatment was closed reduction, which was performed on average 5.2 ± 3.6 hours after the initial trauma. All the patients underwent the reduction under anesthesia. The complementary treatment included plaster cast immobilization and traction. No need for additional surgery was observed and there were no long-term side effects. CONCLUSION: Traumatic dislocation of the hip should be treated quickly by means of closed reduction, with appropriate control over the reduction and rigorous observation in order to diagnose and treat late complications.

Luxação traumática posterior do quadril em crianças: relato de cinco casos / Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip in children: report of five cases

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uma série de casos de luxação traumática posterior em crianças, o tratamento e os resultados, e revisar os aspectos relacionados à sua epidemiologia, diagnóstico clínico e radiográfico, tratamento, complicações e prognóstico. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente cinco pacientes com luxação traumática do quadril com média idade de 4,6 ± 0,9 anos e tempo de seguimento de 19,8 ± 7,0 meses. Foram avaliados o tempo entre a luxação e a redução, o tipo de tratamento, as lesões associadas e as complicações tardias. RESULTADOS: O tratamento inicial foi a redução incruenta com tempo médio de 5,2 ± 3,6 horas após o trauma inicial, sendo que todos foram submetidos à redução sob anestesia. O tratamento complementar incluiu imobilização gessada e tração. Não foi observada necessidade de cirurgias adicionais ou sequelas a longo prazo. CONCLUSÃO: A luxação traumática do quadril deve ser tratada com redução incruenta rápida, controle adequado da redução e observação rigorosa para diagnóstico e tratamento de complicações tardias.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a series of cases of traumatic posterior dislocations in children, the treatment and the results, and to revise aspects such as the epidemiology, clinical and radiographic diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. METHODS: Five patients with traumatic hip dislocation, with an average age of 4.6 ± 0.9 years, and an ongoing follow-up period of 19.8 ± 7.0 months, were evaluated retrospectively. The time between dislocation and reduction, the type of treatment, associated injuries, and subsequent complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: The initial treatment was closed reduction, in an average time of 5.2 ± 3.6 hours after the initial trauma, in which the patients were subjected to the reduction under anesthesia. Complementary treatment included immobilization with casts and traction. No needs for additional surgeries or long-term side effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Traumatic dislocation of the hip should be treated by quick closed reduction, with appropriate control of the reduction and careful observation of the patient for diagnosis and treatment of subsequent complications.